Association and Risk Factors of Osteonecrosis of Femoral Head in Sickle Cell Disease: A Systematic Review.

OBJECTIVE: The objective was to evaluate the level of evidence about the associated factors and the risk factors of osteonecrosis of femoral head (ONFH) in sickle cell individuals. METHODS: The review was based on the search and selection of studies available in the electronic databases PubMed, SCIELO, LILACS, BVS. As descriptors, the terms of Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) and Health Sciences Descriptors (DeCS) corresponding to "Osteonecrosis", "Necrosis avascular" and "Aseptic necrosis" and "Femoral head" and "sickle cell disease" and "risk factor" and "predictor". RESULTS: Among clinical and laboratorial factors the most promising risk factors were the severity of sickle cell disease and acute chest syndrome. As a result, from studies of a moderate level of quality, blood pressure, body weight, previous trauma, haemoglobin to haematocrit ratio (Hb/HCT), and number of hospitalizations can be highlighted. Others, such as genetic markers and male gender, have also been positively associated in lower quality studies. CONCLUSION: For a better clarification of what the risk factors are for the ONFH, it is necessary to study with populations of different origins, different ages, different profiles of Hb, which present greater methodological rigor and perform a multivariate analysis to control confounding factors. Further study is also needed to understand the genetic determinants of ONFH.

Effects of Low-to-Moderate Doses of Anabolic Steroids on Lipid Profile and Muscle Hypertrophy in Resistance Training Practitioners: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis

Abstract Background: The use of androgenic anabolic steroids (AAS) is prevalent among young bodybuilders, motivated by aesthetic results. Although the medical community condemns this practice for its potential deleterious effect, we must recognize the need for more scientific research on the likelihood and magnitude of the adverse events. Objective: To evaluate whether high-quality, scientific evidence supports that AAS negatively affect lipid profile and promote muscle hypertrophy in resistance training practitioners. Methods: A systematic review of the literature of randomized clinical trials was conducted in the PubMed / Medline, Scielo and Science direct databases. The searches were conducted by two independent researchers by June 2018. A significance level of 5% was considered in the analysis. Results: Six clinical trials involving 170 resistance training practitioners were included. A significant heterogeneity was found in studies evaluating the effects of AAS on lipid profile and muscle hypertrophy (I² = 97, 95 and 91%, respectively), with no significant effects on HDL-cholesterol (-5.62mg/dL, 95%CI −12.10, 0.86, p= 0.09), LDL-cholesterol (7.76 mg/dL, 95%CI −9.70, 25.23, p= 0.57) and muscle hypertrophy (2.44kg 95%CI 0.02, 4.86, p=0.05). Conclusion: Current evidence does not support that low-to-moderate doses of AAS cause serious negative effects on lipid profile or promote muscle hypertrophy in resistance training practitioners.

Intradialytic training in patients with end-stage renal disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials assessing the effects of five different training interventions.

OBJECTIVE: Patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) undergoing hemodialysis may have reduced dialysis adequacy (Kt/V), low cardiorespiratory fitness, and worse prognosis. Different types of intradialytic training (IDT) may serve as an adjunct therapy for the management of the ESRD. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to assess the impact of different types of IDT on clinical outcomes and functional parameters in ESRD. METHODS: PubMed, Embase, CINAHL, Cochrane CENTRAL, Scopus, SPORTDiscus, and Google Scholar were searched for randomized clinical trials in adult patients with ESRD which compared IDT with usual care (UC), without language restrictions and published up to July 2019; a handsearch of references was also performed. Certainty of evidence was assessed using GRADE, and risk of bias in primary studies with the RoB 1.0 tool. RESULTS: Fifty studies were included (n = 1757). Compared to UC, aerobic IDT improved Kt/V (WMD = 0.08), VO2peak (WMD = 2.07 mL/kg/min), 6-minute walk test (6MWT) distance (64.98 m), reduced systolic blood pressure (- 10.07 mmHg) and C-reactive protein (- 3.28 mg/L). Resistance training increased 6MWT distance (68.50 m). Combined training increased VO2peak (5.41 mL/kg/min) and reduced diastolic blood pressure (- 5.76 mmHg). Functional electrostimulation (FES) and inspiratory muscle training (IMT) improved 6MWT distance (54.14 m and 117.62 m, respectively). There was no impact on total cholesterol, interleukin-6, or hemoglobin levels. There was no difference in incidence of adverse events between the IDT and control groups. The certainty of evidence was variable according to the GRADE scale, with most outcomes rated very low certainty. The risk of bias assessment of primary studies showed unclear risk in most. CONCLUSIONS: Aerobic, resistance, and combined training during hemodialysis, as well as FES and IMT, demonstrated to be effective for the treatment of the patient with ESRD. Our data should be interpreted in light of the unclear risk of bias of most evaluated articles and the low to very low certainty of evidence for evaluated outcomes. PROSPERO REGISTRATION ID: CRD42017081338. DATA SHARING REPOSITORY: https://osf.io/fpj54/.

Efeito do treinamento intervalado de alta intensidade versus treinamento contínuo na composição corporal: uma revisão sistemática com meta-análise / Effect of high-intensity interval training versus continuous training on body composition: A systematic review with meta-analysis

A Obesidade é um fator de risco para doenças cardiovasculares e a sua prevalência cresce a cada ano atingindo mais de 2 bilhões de adultos no mundo. As principais recomendações para perda de gordura concentram-se em exercícios de estados estacionários de intensidades moderadas. Entretanto, essas diretrizes não conseguem ser atendidas pela maior parte da população adulta. Sendo assim, novas modalidades ou intensidades de exercícios vem sendo propostas na tentativa de promover perdas mais significativas da gordura corporal. Foi realizado uma revisão sistemática com meta-análise com o objetivo de comparar os efeitos do treinamento intervalado de alta intensidade (HIIT) e do treinamento contínuo nos desfechos: massa corporal total, percentual de gordura, índice de massa corporal e circunferência de cintura de indivíduos com sobrepeso e/ou obesidade. As buscas foram realizadas nas bases de dados Pubmed, Science Direct, PEDro, Scielo e Cochrane Library. A análise foi restrita a ensaios clínicos randomizados em adultos com 18 anos de idade ou mais e com excesso de peso corporal. As meta-análises foram conduzidas utilizando o software Review Manager para modelos de efeitos aleatórios com o método do inverso da variância para os dados contínuos, os dados foram apresentados por diferença da média e IC95%. Quatorze estudos foram incluídos para a análise meta-analítica, houve redução significativa para o grupo CONT para circunferência de cintura (1,19 cm; IC95%: 0,34­2,04; p= 0,006; I²= 0%). Em conclusão, o HIIT não se mostrou melhor estatisticamente em relação ao CONT para alterar os marcadores da composição corporal.

Obesity is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease and its prevalence grows each year reaching more than 2 billion adults worldwide. The main recommendations for fat loss are concentrated in steady-state exercises of moderate intensity. However, these guidelines cannot be met by most of the adult population. Thus, new modalities or exercise intensities are being proposed in an attempt to promote weight or fat loss. A systematic review with meta-analysis was conducted to compare the effects of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and continuous training on outcomes: total body mass (TBM), fat percentage (%F), body mass index (BMI), and waist circumference ( WC) of overweight and / or obesity. Searches were conducted in Pubmed, Science Direct, PEDro, Scielo and Cochrane Library. The analysis was restricted to randomized clinical trials in adults 18 years of age or older and overweight. Meta-analyses were conducted using Review Manager software for random effects models with the inverse variance method for continuous data, and results were pre-sented by mean difference and 95%CI. Fourteen studies were included for the meta-analytic analysis, there was a significant reduction for the CONT group for CC (1.19 cm; 95%CI: 0,34­2,04; p= 0,006; I²= 0%). In conclusion, HIIT was not statistically better in relation to CONT to alter the markers of body composition.

Efeito do exercício sobre os níveis de hdl-c: uma revisão sistemática de metanálises / Effect of exercise on hdl-c levels: a systematic review of meta-analyses / Efecto del ejercicio sobre los niveles de hdl-c: una revisión sistemática de metaanálisis

RESUMO A elevação de 1% no HDL-C associa-se à redução de 3% nas taxas de mortalidade cardiovascular. Contudo, praticar exercícios a ponto de gerar alterações benéficas do HDL-C ainda é controverso. Portanto, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar se existe benefício do exercício físico sobre os níveis de HDL-C. Trata-se de uma revisão sistemática de metanálises, de artigos indexados ao PubMed/MEDLINE, SciELO e LILACS. Utilizaram-se os termos, Lipoproteins, Cholesterol, HDL, Exercise and Resistance Training. Critérios de inclusão: metanálises publicadas até 22 de janeiro de 2015, com o exercício como forma de intervenção e com desfecho no HDL-C. Critérios de exclusão: Não citação de efeitos de confusão, avaliação do HDL-C como desfecho secundário ou intervenção dietética. Com relação ao resultado do treinamento aeróbico, avaliamos oito estudos. Quatro foram significantes para aumento de HDL-C. Destes, a menor duração em semanas foi 21,8 ± 19,5 e a maior foi 35,3 ± 31,8; a menor frequência foi 3,5 ± 1,0 e a maior, 4,0 ± 1,1; a menor intensidade/%VO2máx foi 64,8% e a maior, 69,2 ± 10,1. Quatro estudos não foram significantes, sendo a menor duração em semanas 10,7 ± 3,2 e a maior, 23,19 ± 17,7; a menor frequência foi 3,7 ± 0,8 e a maior foi 4,75 ± 2,5; a menor intensidade/%VO2máx foi 64,2 ± 9,4 e a maior, 74,7 ± 11,8. Treinamento resistido: Nenhum dos três estudos foi significante. Treinamento combinado: Um único estudo apresentou aumento dos níveis de HDL-C (diferença média [IC 95%]: 0,08 (IC 95%, 0,05-0,12 mmol/l]). Concluímos que não é possível afirmar que o treinamento aeróbico, resistido ou combinado, proporcionam aumentos significantes nos níveis de HDL-C, o que limita sua prescrição como terapia eficiente para aumento de HDL-C.

ABSTRACT The 1% increase in HDL-C is associated with a 3% reduction in cardiovascular mortality rates. However, exercising to the point of generating beneficial changes in HDL-C is still controversial. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate whether there is a benefit of physical exercise on HDL-C levels. This is a systematic review of meta-analyses in articles indexed to PubMed/MEDLINE, SciELO and LILACS. We used the terms Lipoproteins, Cholesterol, HDL, Exercise and Resistance Training. Inclusion criteria: Meta-analyses published until January 22, 2015, with exercise as an intervention and with HDL-C endpoint. Exclusion criteria: No citation of confounding effects, assessment of HDL-C as a secondary endpoint, or dietary intervention. Regarding the aerobic training results, we evaluated eight studies. Four were significant for increased HDL-C. Of these the shortest duration in weeks was 21.8±19.5 and the highest was 35.3±31.8; the lowest frequency was 3.5±1.0 and the highest 4.0±1.1; the lowest intensity/%VO 2max was 64.8% and the highest 69.2±10.1. Four studies were not significant, being the shortest duration in weeks: 10.7±3.2 and the highest 23.19±17.7; the lowest frequency was 3.7±0.8 and the highest was 4.75±2.5; the lowest intensity/%VO 2maxwas 64.2±9.4 and the highest 74.7 ± 11.8. Resistance training: None of the three studies was significant. Combined training: A single study showed an increase in HDL-C levels (mean difference [95% CI]: 0.08 [95% CI, 0.05 -0.12 mmol/L]).We concluded that it is not possible to state that aerobic training, resisted or combined, provides significant increases in HDL-C levels, which limits its prescription as an efficient therapy for HDL-C increase.

RESUMEN Un aumento de 1% en el HDL-C se asocia con una reducción del 3% en las tasas de mortalidad cardiovascular. Sin embargo, el ejercicio hasta el punto de generar cambios beneficiosos en el HDL-C sigue siendo controvertido. Por lo tanto, el objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar si existe un beneficio del ejercicio sobre los niveles de HDL-C. Se trata de una revisión sistemática de los metaanálisis de artículos indexados a PubMed/MEDLINE, SciELO y LILACS. Utilizamos los términos Lipoproteins, Cholesterol, HDL, Exercise and Resistance Training. Criterios de inclusión: metaanálisis publicados hasta el 22 de enero de 2015, con el ejercicio como una intervención y el resultado de HDL-C. Criterios de exclusión: No se mencionan los efectos de confusión, la evaluación de HDL-C como criterio secundario de valoración o intervención dietética. Como resultado del entrenamiento aeróbico, se evaluaron ocho estudios. Cuatro fueron significativos en relación al aumento de HDL-C. De estos, el tiempo más corto en semanas fue de 21,8 ± 19,5 y el más largo fue de 35,3 ± 31,8; la frecuencia más baja fue de 3,5 ± 1,0 y la más alta fue de 4,0 ± 1,1, la intensidad/%VO 2máx más baja fue 64,8% y la más alta fue 69,2 ± 10.1 Cuatro estudios no fueron significativos, siendo la menor duración en semanas de 10,7 ± 3,2, y la más grande de 23,19 ± 17,7; la frecuencia más baja fue de 3,7 ± 0,8 y la más alta fue 4,75 ± 2,5; la intensidad/%VO 2máxmás baja fue de 64,2 ± 9,4 y la más alta fue 74,7 ± 11.8. Entrenamiento de resistencia: Ninguno de los tres estudios fue significativo. Entrenamiento combinado: Un único estudio presentó un aumento de los niveles de HDL-C (diferencia promedio [IC 95%]: 0,08 [IC 95%, 0,05-0,12 mmol/l]). Llegamos a la conclusión de que no es posible decir que el entrenamiento aeróbico, de resistencia o combinado, proporciona un aumento significativo de los niveles de HDL-C, lo que limita su prescripción como terapia efectiva para aumentar el HDL-C.

Continuous or Interval Training and Inflammatory Response in Obese Women / Treinamento Contínuo ou Intervalado e Resposta Inflamatória em Mulheres Obesas

Estudos recentes têm demonstrado prováveis benefícios das atividades de alta intensidade, predominantemente anaeróbias na capacidade de oxidação de gorduras. Entretanto, o efeito do exercício predominantemente anaeróbio na redução da obesidade e do estado inflamatório ainda é pouco conhecido. Objetivos: Avaliar os efeitos do treinamento aeróbio vs. anaeróbio sobre os níveis da proteína C-reativa (PCR)de mulheres com obesidade central, e a associação de níveis de PCR com a composição corporal. Métodos: Ensaio clínico randomizado, com uma população formada por mulheres adultas, sedentárias e com obesidade central, matriculadas no Ambulatório Docente-assistencial da Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Saúde Pública. Estudadas 19 mulheres estratificadas aleatoriamente em dois grupos: Treinamento Contínuo (TCO - intensidade a -20% do limiar ventilatório - LV), ou Treinamento Intervalado (TIN - 2 min de estímulo a 120% do LVe 2 min de recuperação em 80% do LV), durante 10 semanas, duas vezes por semana, sessões de 20-40 minutos. Realizada avaliação médica e física, laboratorial e cardiorrespiratória antes e após a intervenção. Resultados: As medianas dos níveis de PCR foram, respectivamente, antes e depois do treino: TCO: 2,2mg/L(0,6-4,1 mg/L) vs. 2,1 mg/L (0,8-5,5 mg/L) p=0,75; TIN: 3,9 mg/L (0,7-8,6 mg/L) vs. 3,2 mg/L (1,2-5,7 mg/L)p=0,90. Não houve diferença significativa na comparação dos deltas (Δ) da PCR intergrupos, p=0,49. Não houve associação entre os níveis de PCR e demais variáveis pré-intervenção. Conclusão: Programas de exercícios com baixo volume, independentemente de suas intensidades, não alteramos níveis de PCR em mulheres com obesidade central...

Recent studies have shown probable benefits of high intensity, predominantly anaerobic activities in fat oxidationcapacity. However, the effect of predominantly anaerobic exercise in reducing obesity and inflammatory condition is still little known.Objectives: To assess the effects of aerobic vs. anaerobic training on the levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) in women with centralobesity, and the association of CRP levels with body composition. Methods: Randomized clinical trial with a population composed of adult, sedentary women with central obesity, enrolled at the Teaching-Care Outpatient Facility of Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Saúde Pública. A group of 19 women was randomly divided into two groups: Continuous training (CT - intensity at 20% of the ventilatory threshold - VT) or Interval Training (IT - 2-minute stimulus at 120% of VT and 2-minute recovery at 80% of VT) for 10 weeks, twice a week, 20-40-minute sessions. A medical and physical, laboratory and cardiopulmonary assessment was carried out before and after the intervention. Results: Median CRP levels were, respectively, before and after training: CT: 2.2mg/L (0.6-4.1mg/L) vs. 2.1mg/L (0.8-5.5mg/L)p=0.75; IT: 3.9mg/L (0.7-8.6mg/L) vs. 3.2mg/L (1.2-5.7mg/L) p=0.90. There was no significant difference when comparing the delta (Δ) CRP levels between groups, p=0.49. There was no association between CRP levels and other pre-intervention variables. Conclusion: Low-volume exercise programs, regardless of their intensity, do not change CRP levels in women with central obesity...